group security Disability healing Consultations - How to Build Your Case

If the evidence provided by the claimant's own healing sources is inadequate to decree if he or she is disabled, supplementary healing facts may be sought by re-contacting the treating source for supplementary facts or clarification, or by arranging for a Ce. The treating source is the preferred source of purchased examinations when the treating source is qualified, equipped and willing to accomplish the supplementary exam or tests for the fee program cost and ordinarily furnishes unblemished and timely reports. Even if only a supplemental test is required, the treating source is ordinarily the preferred source for this service. Ssa's rules supply for using an independent source (other than the treating source) for a Ce or diagnostic study if: The treating source prefers not to accomplish the examination; there are conflicts or inconsistencies in the file that cannot be resolved by going back to the treating source; the claimant prefers another source and has a good infer for doing so; or prior palpate indicates that the treating source may not be a efficient source. The type of exam and/or test (s) purchased depends upon the definite supplementary evidence needed for adjudication. If an ancillary test (e.g., X-ray, Pfs or Ekg) will yield the supplementary evidence needed for adjudication, the Dds will not request or authorize a more wide examination. If the exam indicates that supplementary testing may be warranted, the supplier must palpate the Dds for approval before performing such testing. Fees for Ces are set by each State and may vary from State to State. Each State department is responsible for wide oversight supervision of its Ce program.

Selection of a Consultative exam Source

Differential Pressure Sensor Principle

The Dds purchases consultative examinations only from qualified healing sources. The healing source may be the individual's own doctor or psychologist, or another source. In the case of a child, the healing source may be a pediatrician.

By "qualified," we mean that the healing source must be currently licensed in the State and have the training and palpate to accomplish the type of exam or test we request. Also, the healing source must not be barred from participation in our programs. The healing source must also have the tool required to supply an adequate evaluation and narrative of the existence and level of severity of the individual's alleged impairments.

Medical professionals who accomplish Ces must have a good understanding of Ssa's disability programs and their evidence requirements. The doctor or psychologist chosen may use support staff to help accomplish the consultative examination. Any such support staff (e.g., X-ray technician, nurse, etc.) must meet standard licensing or certification requirements of the State.

Generally, sources are selected based on appointment availability, distance from a claimant's home and quality to accomplish definite examinations and tests.

Consultative exam narrative Content

The exam narrative should contain the claimant's claim whole and a corporal narrative of the claimant, to help ensure that the man being examined is the claimant.

The information and format for reporting the results of the healing history, corporal examination, laboratory findings, and conference of conclusions should consequent the standard reporting principles for a unblemished healing examination.

The narrative should be unblemished adequate to enable an independent reviewer to decree the nature, severity and duration of the impairment, and, in adults, the claimant's quality to accomplish basic work-related functions. The history and corporal exam must be provided as a narrative of the findings.

Conclusions in the narrative must be consistent with the objective clinical findings found on exam and the claimant's symptoms, laboratory studies, and demonstrated response to medicine and on all available information, including the history. The report, for adults, should contain a description, based on the provider's own findings, of the individual's quality to do basic work-related activities. It should not contain an belief as to whether the claimant is disabled under the meaning of the law.

Signature Requirements

All Ce reports must be personally reviewed and signed by the supplier who really performed the examination. The supplier doing the exam or testing is solely responsible for the narrative contents and for the conclusions, explanations or comments provided. The source's signature on a narrative annotated "not proofed" or "dictated but not read" is not acceptable. A rubber stamp signature or signature entered by another person, such as a nurse or secretary, is not acceptable.

How the Dds Reviews Consultative exam Reports

The Dds is obligated to spin the narrative of the Ce to decree whether the definite facts requested has been furnished.

The Ce narrative must:

Provide evidence that serves as an adequate basis for disability decision making in terms of the impairment it assesses.

Be internally consistent. Are all the diseases, impairments and complaints described in the history adequately assessed and reported in the clinical findings?

Do the conclusions correlate the healing history, the clinical exam and laboratory tests, and elaborate all abnormalities?

Be consistent with the other facts available within the specialty of the exam requested.

Did the narrative fail to mention an leading or relevant complaint within that specialty that is noted in other evidence in the file (e.g., blindness in one eye, amputations, pain, alcoholism, depression)?

Be adequate as compared to the standards set out in the course of a healing education.

Be properly signed.

If the narrative is inadequate or incomplete, the Dds will palpate the supplier and ask the supplier to yield the missing facts or get ready a revised report.

Elements of a unblemished Consultative Examination

A unblemished Ce is one that involves all the elements of a standard exam in the applicable healing specialty. When the narrative of a unblemished Ce is involved, the narrative should contain the following elements:

The claimant's major or chief complaint(s);

Detailed description, within the area of specialty of the examination, of the history of the major complaint(s);

Description, and disposition, of pertinent "positive" and "negative" detailed findings based on the history, examination, and laboratory tests associated to the major complaint(s), and any other abnormalities or lack thereof reported or found during exam or laboratory testing;

Results of laboratory and other tests (e.g., X-rays) performed in accordance with the requirements provided by the Dds.

Diagnosis and prognosis for the claimant's impairment(s);

Statement about what the claimant can still do despite his or her impairment(s), unless the claim is based on statutory blindness. This statement should spin the belief of the consulting doctor or psychologist about the claimant's ability, despite his or her impairment(s), to do work-related activities such as sitting, standing, walking, lifting, carrying, handling objects, hearing, speaking, and traveling; and, in cases of thinking impairment(s), the belief of the doctor or psychologist about the individual's quality to understand, to carry out and remember instructions, and to retort appropriately to supervision, coworkers, and work pressures in a work setting; and

The consultative doctor or psychologist will consider, and supply some explanation or comment on, the claimant's major complaint(s) and any other abnormalities found during the history and exam or reported from the laboratory tests. The history, examination, evaluation of laboratory test results, and the conclusions will represent the facts provided by the doctor or psychologist who signs the report.

Report article by definite Impairment

Internal Medicine

The information and format for reporting the results of the history, corporal examination, laboratory findings, and conference of conclusions should consequent the standard reporting principles for a unblemished internal healing examination.

Source of History

The doctor should indicate from whom the history was obtained and should supply an evaluation of the reliability of the history.

History of gift Illness

The chief complaint(s) alleged as the infer for not working should be discussed in detail, including:

Factors which increase the problem or impairment(s);

How long the problem has been present;

Factors which may supply relief; and

The claimant's narrative of how the impairment(s) limits the quality to function.

Pertinent descriptive statements by the claimant, such as a narrative of chest pain, should be recorded in the claimant's own words.

The facts must be in a narrative, rather than "questionnaire" or "check-off" format.

Past History should spin other prior illnesses, injuries, operations, or hospitalizations and give the dates of these events.

Current Medication should be listed by name of drug and dose.

Review of Systems should spin and discuss:

Other complaints and symptoms the claimant has experienced relative to the definite organ systems, and

The pertinent negative findings, which would be considered in making a differential prognosis of the current illness or in evaluating the severity of the impairment.

Social History should contain pertinent findings about use of tobacco products, alcohol, nonprescription drugs, etc.

Family History should be presented, if pertinent.

Signs

The vital signs should include:

Blood pressure;

Pulse rate;

Respiratory rate; and

Height and weight without shoes.

The corporal exam must supply a narrative of the claimant's general appearance and pertinent behavior during the exam (e.g., for back complaint, how the claimant stood or walked, got up from a chair, and got on and off the exam table).

This narrative must be in narrative, rather than "questionnaire" or "check-off" form.

The narrative should gift aspects of the exam dealing with the claimant's major and minor complaints in single detail, describing both pertinent negative and positive findings.

Pelvic examinations should not be performed unless specifically authorized.

Specific range of motion of a joint should be reported in degrees for joints in which there is a needful limitation of motion.

Note: If a joint is found to have no abnormality of range of motion on gross examination, that fact should be stated rather than reporting the degree of motion.

Laboratory Tests - The laboratory should provide:

Actual values for laboratory tests; and

Normal ranges of values in whether the healing narrative or attached laboratory report.

Electrocardiographic and Spirographic Reports

Tracings must be provided when these tests have been performed.

The reported findings for pulmonary and electrocardiographic studies must meet the requirements of Section 3.00E and 4.00C, respectively, of the Listing of Impairments.

Interpretation

The interpretation of laboratory tests (e.g., electrocardiographic tracings) must take into catalogue and be correlated with the history and corporal exam findings.

Identify the doctor providing the formal interpretation of the laboratory tests, when other than the doctor who is signing the Ce report.

If the interpretation is provided separately, the narrative sheet should state the interpreting physician's name and address.

X-rays

Joints and other areas to be x-rayed are those that are specifically requested or those that the corporal exam reveals to be the most complex by disease, after standard authorization by the Dds.

Rheumatology

In addition to the requirements for a general internal healing examination, the following definite facts should be stated in a narrative of an exam in which the customary complaint is a rheumatological disorder.

General Observations

General observations in the corporal exam should spin to common, everyday functions which may be observed in the examining physician's office, such as:

Stance;

Gait;

Ability to:

Dress and undress;

Climb upon the examining table;

Grasp or shake hands; and

Write.

Joint Examination

Joint exam should contain specific, detailed notations with respect to the nearnessy or absence of:

Effusion;

Episodes of infection;

Peri-articular swelling;

Tenderness;

Heat;

Redness;

Thickening of the joints;

Specific range of motion of the joints and back in degrees; and

Structural deformities.

Specific range of motion of a joint or spine should be reported in degrees for any joint or spine in which there is a needful limitation of motion.

If the range of motion is found to be restricted in any joint or spine, comment should be made as to probable cause (e.g., due to pain and/or influenced by observable abnormality).

Joints/spine to be x-rayed are those that are specifically requested or those that the corporal exam reveals to be the most complex by disease, after standard authorization by Dds.

For individuals alleging myalgias or other muscular complaints, evaluate the areas of muscle tenderness including tender points and trigger points. Go to Listing of Impairments - Adults: Immune principles 14.00 for more information.

Orthopedic

History

The orthopedic examination, including the lumbar and cervical spine, should spin and discuss (where appropriate):

The major or chief complaint(s) alleged as the infer for not working. The conference of the complaints must include:

A detailed historical narrative of the pertinent past history of the disease.

The claimant's statement of current complaint.

Current and past therapy for this disorder, and response to therapy, should be reported. Hospitalizations, surgical operations, and needful investigative procedures (e.g., myelography, Cat scan, Mri, Bone Scan) should be reported with the dates of the hospitalizations and consequent of the procedures.

The symptoms alleged, including a narrative of:

The character, location, and radiation of pain;

Mechanical factors which incite and relieve the pain;

Prescribed treatment, including name, dose, and frequency of any medications which are used;

The claimant's typical daily activities; and

Symptoms of weakness, other motor loss, or any sensory abnormalities.

The use of drugs or alcohol.

Other needful past illnesses, injuries, operations, particularly those intriguing the musculoskeletal system.

From whom the history was obtained and an evaluation of the reliability of the history.

Physical exam - The corporal exam narrative should contain a narrative and conference (where appropriate) of:

The claimant's general appearance and nutrition, any apparent skeletal or other musculoskeletal abnormalities.

The orthopedic and neurological findings. These should contain a narrative of:

Muscle spasms, limitation of movement of the spine given quantitatively in degrees from the vertical position when there is needful limitation in motion, straight leg raising given quantitatively in degrees from the supine position and from the sitting position, motor and sensory abnormalities, and deep tendon reflexes. Deep tendon reflexes should be described as to intensity and symmetry.

If there is no abnormality of range of motion of any affected joint on gross examination, that fact, rather than the actual degree of motion, may be reported.

Motor function quantitative. The method of quantitation must be reported. The most widely used method involves recording from 0 to 5 as a fraction with the numerator representing the claimant's operation and the denominator representing a general operation (e.g., 3/5).

To what degree motor function is inhibited by spasticity, rigidity or pain.

The definite distribution of sensory deficit or pain.

Muscle bulk. When there is asymmetry, definite estimation must be reported.

Atrophy must be reported in terms of circumferential measurements of both thighs and lower legs (or upper or lower arms) at a stated point above and below the knee or elbow given in inches or centimeters.

A definite narrative of atrophy of hand muscles may be given without measurements of atrophy but should contain measurements of grip strength.

Gait and station, including the claimant's quality to:

Tandem walk;

Walk on heels and toes;

Hop;

Bend;

Squat;

Arise from a squatting position;

Dress and undress;

Get up from a chair;

Get on the examining table; and

Cooperate during the examination.

Laboratory Tests - X-rays or other laboratory tests

The doctor providing the formal interpretation must be identified.

If the interpretation is provided on a isolate narrative form, that narrative should be attached.

Findings

The physician's exam findings must be considered on the basis of the physician's observations during the examination. (Alternative testing methods should be used to verify the objectivity of the abnormal findings, when possible; e.g., a seated straight-leg raising test in addition to a supine straight-leg raising test.) Go to Listing of Impairments - Adults: Musculoskeletal principles 1.00 for more information.

Respiratory

In addition to the requirements for a general internal healing examination, the definite facts listed below should be stated in a narrative of an exam in which the customary complaint is a respiratory disorder.

General Examination

The narrative should note and describe:

The occurrence of cough, labored breathing, use of accessory muscles of respiration, audible wheezing, pallor, cyanosis, hoarseness, clubbing of fingers, or the nearnessy of chest wall deformity. Respiratory rate should be observed and reported.

The diameter of the chest on inspiration and expiration, distention of neck veins and ankle edema.

Whether the expiratory phase of respiration is prolonged.

Breath sounds.

Diaphragmatic motion.

Presence or absence of adventitious sounds on auscultation of the chest.

The employment history, when relevant to the disease, should be reported (e.g., pneumoconiosis or exposure to corporal irritants producing respiratory symptoms.)

Dyspnea

Characteristics - Dyspnea should be described with respect to:

Dates and mode of onset;

Seasonal influence;

Influence of infection and precipitating activities;

Whether it is associated with palpitation, wheezing, chest discomfort, or hyperventilation symptoms.

Respiratory Versus Cardiac Dyspnea - Inquiry should be made to decree whether the claimant has:

A history of heart disease;

Experienced paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or orthopnea; and

Associated peripheral edema, hypertension, past myocardial infarction, angina, rheumatic heart disease, cardiac murmur, etc.

Episodic Disorders - The narrative should contain details as to:

Onset and precipitating factors;

Frequency and intensity;

Duration;

Mode of medicine and response; and

Description of severe respiratory attack.

Ancillary Studies

Chest X-ray, Spirometry, Diffusing Capacity of the lungs for Carbon Monoxide, and Arterial Blood Gas Studies will be requested in accordance with program criteria for the purpose of establishing the existence and extent of the disease process. Go to Listing of Impairments -Adults: Respiratory principles 3.00 for more information.

Cardiovascular

In addition to the requirements for a general internal healing examination, the following definite facts should be stated in a narrative of an exam in which the customary complaint is a cardiovascular disorder.

General exam - The narrative must:

Provide a detailed narrative of the exam of the heart, including the heart sounds and rhythm and pulses.

Describe:

Any jugular vein distention, including angle of reclining at which distention occurs;

Adventitious lung sounds;

Hepatomegaly;

Peripheral or pulmonary edema; and

Cyanosis.

Describe the impact of the chest discomfort, dyspnea or other cardiovascular symptoms on corporal activities.

Describe any drugs used (currently and in the modern past) for medicine of the cardiovascular disorder and indicate the dosage and the response to these drugs.

Note participation in a cardiac recovery program (e.g., progressive corporal activity, educational or psychological support).

Congestive Heart Failure - The history must contain a conference of:

The known factors in the development of the cardiac health (e.g., myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, and congenital or other organic heart disease).

Recurrent or persistent symptoms such as:

Fatigue;

Dyspnea;

Orthopnea; and

Anginal discomfort.

Chest hurt and Other Symptoms - The narrative should describe:

Chest hurt of myocardial ischemic origin or other symptom(s) in the claimant's own words with respect to:

Presence;

Character;

Location;

Radiation;

Frequency;

Duration;

Usual inciting factors; and

Relief.

The historical character of the chest hurt to ascertain whether:

There is a predictable garage pattern of occurrence; and

There is evidence of a modern convert in the pattern of symptoms;

Whether therapy has been prescribed and how the claimant is responding to the therapy;

Whether the hurt occurs at rest or awakens the claimant from sleep and whether it is associated to ingestion of food or movement of the upper extremities; and

The usual duration of the symptoms, especially chest discomfort, how symptoms are relieved, and the time required to acquire relief (e.g., rest or after taking definite drugs such as nitroglycerin).

Laboratory Tests

Ancillary cardiac testing, such as Ecg, exercise Stress Testing and Echocardiogram, will be requested in accordance with program criteria for the purpose of establishing the existence and extent of the disease process. Go to Listing of Impairments - Adults: Cardiovascular principles 4.00 for more information.

Neurological

Historical Source

The Dds will make arrangements to have a knowledgeable personel accompany the claimant to the examination, when prior facts indicates incompetence on the part of the claimant.

The doctor should indicate from whom the history was obtained and should evaluation reliability of history.

History - The history should contain a detailed description/discussion of:

Major or chief complaints with:

Detailed historical narrative of the disease state; and

Current complaints.

The thinking or corporal functional restrictions with definite examples.

Significant illness, injuries, or operations, particularly of the nervous system.

Current and past therapy for the disorder alleged, and any abuse or drugs or alcohol.

The family history with facts on pertinent positive abnormalities, particularly hereditary familial conditions.

Physical Examination

General - The corporal exam should supply a statement regarding the claimant's:

General appearance;

Nutrition;

Body habitus;

Head size and shape;

Any skeletal or other abnormalities such as pigmentary or texture changes of the skin or changes in hair distribution; and

Dominant hand

The gait and hub must be described in detail, including quality to:

Tandem walk;

Walk on heels and toes;

Hop;

Dress and undress;

Get up from a chair;

Get on the examining table; and

Generally cooperate during the examination.

Notation should be made of the function of the 12 cranial nerves (if the first cranial nerve is not tested, this should be noted). Lower cranial nerve function should be described in single information when dysphagia or dysarthria is a complaint.

Ocular motility and pupillary size and activity should be described even when normal. The optical acuity and optical fields by gross confrontation should be estimated, and the basis for the evaluation must be stated.

Motor function - Should be quantitated, and the method of quantitation reported. For example, if a numbering principles is used, the narrative must state which whole represents general force and which whole represents total paralysis.

The narrative must also spin to what degree motor function is inhibited by spasticity, rigidity, involuntary movements, or tremor.

Muscle bulk should be described, and when there is asymmetry, measurements should be reported.

The degree of fatigability following rapid, repetitive movements should be noted.

All modalities of sensation, including cortical, should be tested.

The method of testing should be recorded.

When sensory deficit or pain are described in a definite distribution, care should be taken to ascertain that the findings are consistent with neuroanatomical fact. Suspected non-physiological observations should be noted.

Coordination should be tested.

The quality to accomplish fine and dexterous movements of the hands should be described.

In-coordination or tremor at rest or during definite tests should be described in information and quantitated.

Note: Examples should be given describing the functional loss that occurs because of these events.

Reflexes

Deep tendon reflexes should be described as to intensity and symmetry.

Superficial reflexes should be described when gift and noted when absent.

Any pathological reflexes must be described in detail.

Any impairment of speech or language should be described in information with a conference of how much quality the claimant retains and how the doctor considered this. The narrative should discuss:

Aphasia;

Dysarthria;

Stuttering (fluency);

Involuntary vocalizations;

Whether speech is intelligible.

Mental Status exam - should be reported and be wide when thinking capacity is in question. The doctor should provide:

Examples of responses in testing orientation, memory, calculation, insight, general understanding, and fund of knowledge; and

A detailed narrative of mood and behavior during the examination, and any needful abnormalities. Go to Listing of Impairments - Adult: Neurological 11.00 for more information.

Mental Disorders

The psychiatric or psychological exam narrative should show not only the claimant's signs, symptoms, laboratory findings (psychological test results), and diagnosis, but also spin the consequent of the emotional or thinking disorder on the claimant's quality to function at the usual and customary level of adjustment - personal, social and occupational.

General Observations - contain in the Ce narrative general observations of:

How the claimant came to the examination:

Alone or accompanied;

Distance and mode of transportation; and

If by automobile, who drove.

General appearance:

Dress; and

Grooming

Attitude and degree of cooperation.

Posture and gait.

General motor behavior, including any involuntary movements.

Informant

The psychiatrist or psychologist should identify the man providing the history (usually the claimant) and should supply an evaluation of the reliability of the history.

Chief Complaint

This usually will consist of the claimant's allegations regarding any thinking and/or corporal problems.

History of gift Illness

This should contain a detailed chronological catalogue of the onset and progression of the claimant's current mental/emotional health with special reference to:

Date and circumstances of onset of the condition;

Date the claimant reported that the health began to interfere with work, and how it interfered;

Date the claimant reported inability to work because of the health and the circumstances;

Attempts to return to work and the results;

Outpatient evaluations and medicine for mental/emotional problems including:

Names of treating sources;

Dates of treatment;

Types of medicine (names and dosages of medications, if prescribed); and

Response to treatment.

Hospitalizations for thinking disorders including:

Names of hospitals;

Dates; and

Treatment and response.

Information regarding the claimant's:

Activities of daily living;

Social functioning;

Ability to unblemished tasks timely and appropriately; and

Episodes of decompensation and their resulting effects.

Past History should contain a longitudinal catalogue of the claimant's personal life including:

Relevant educational, medical, social, legal, military, marital, and occupational data and any associated problems in adjustment;

Details (dates, places, etc.) of any past history of inpatient medicine and hospitalizations for mental/emotional problems; and

History, if any, of substance abuse, and/or medicine in detoxification and recovery centers.

Mental Status

The personel case facts will decree the definite areas of thinking status that need to be emphasized during the examination, but ordinarily the narrative should contain a detailed narrative of the claimant's:

Appearance, behavior, and speech (if not already described);

Thought process (e.g., loosening of associations);

Thought article (e.g., delusions);

Perceptual abnormalities (e.g., hallucinations);

Mood and affect (e.g., depression, mania);

Sensorium and cognition (e.g., orientation, recall, memory, concentration, fund of information, and intelligence);

Judgment and insight; and

Capability (i.e., is the personel capable of handling awarded benefits responsibly?)

Diagnosis

American Psychiatric connection standard nomenclature as set forth in the current "Diagnostic and Statistical hand-operated of thinking Disorders."

Prognosis

Prognosis and recommendations for treatment, if indicated; also, recommendations for any other healing evaluation (e.g., neurological, general physical), if indicated.

Additional Requirements by thinking Disorder

Schizophrenic, Delusional (Paranoid) Schizo-Affective, and other Psychotic Disorders - The narrative should reflect:

Periods of abode in structured settings such as half-way houses and group homes;

Frequency and duration of episodes of illness and periods of remission; and

Side effects of medications.

Organic thinking Disorders - The narrative should reflect:

The source of the disorder, if known, the prognosis; and

Whether there is an acute or persisting process;

Whether garage or progressive; and

Changes at varied points in time.

The results of any psychological or neuropsychological testing that could serve to supplementary document an organic process and its severity.

Information regarding the results of any neurological evaluations.

Information about any neurological testing (e.g., Eeg, Ct scan) that may have been performed and the results, if available.

In thinking Retardation cases, the narrative should reflect:

Current documentation of Iq by a standardized, well-recognized measure. standard instruments will have a representative normative sample, a mean of practically 100 and standard deviation of practically 15 in the general population, and cover a broad range of cognitive and perceptual-motor functions (e.g., the Wechsler scales);

Verbal Iq, operation Iq, and full scale Iq scores, together with the personel subtest scores;

Interpretation of the scores and evaluation of the validity of the obtained scores, indicating any factors that may have influenced the results such as the claimant's attitude and degree of cooperation, the nearnessy of visual, hearing or other corporal problems, and modern prior exposure to the same or similar test; and

Consistency of the obtained test results with the claimant's education, vocational background, and social adjustment, especially in the area of personal self-sufficiency.

group security Disability healing Consultations - How to Build Your Case

DIY Air Conditioner

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Telemetry - How To pick The Right Telemetry law For Your company Requirements

Telemetry is a broad field and it is applicable to many dissimilar areas: from safety monitoring in nuclear plants, to the migration habits of endangered species. It is widely used in big projects like power plants, sewer operate and purifying water plants; and their versatility has found diverse applications in the private arena. Thanks to the advances in technology, telemetry is used successfully in chemical plants and the food industry; this used to be a challenge in the past as stainless steel and concrete interfere with some wireless signals.

Measuring of bodily and chemical parameters in tanks are areas where telemetry has huge applicability. Due to the diversity of configurations, there is not a one size fits all solution. When shopping for the best telemetry principles for your single firm requirements, you need to have a clear idea of your conditions beforehand. There are seven main elements complicated in the implementation of the system, if you elaborate your needs in these seven points, it will be very easy to pick the right configuration:

Differential Pressure Sensor Installation

Sensor/hardware optimization: The sensors to be used will be affected by the nature of the substance in the tank. It is not the same to have acid, fuel or syrup. So take note of what is in the tank.

Sensor integration: Depending on what you want the sensor to part and the conformation of your tanks, the best position to place it will vary. You also need to specify if you are using the principles for a single tank or many tanks. The main options for positioning in site are:

• Flow meter: in or out
• Bottom: differential pressure
• Top: ultrasonic or contact
• Contact: high, low or overflow

Form of communication/signal: The optimal form of transportation will be carefully by the location characteristics and accessibility of signal. The two main groups are short range wireless association or long range wireless connection.

Short range: If your tank is close to a Lan(Local Area Network) or a Wan (Wide Area Network), you can use low energy signals. Some of the options available are: 802.xx protocol, Wi-Fi and short haul Rf. Which one is the best depends on the obstacles in the signal´s path and their wave absorption power.

Long range: If the tank is in a remote place or the short range signals are absorbed, some of the options are digital mobile technology (Gprs/Cdma), analog cellular, satellite or a aggregate of them.

Power: The transportation devices need energy to operate. If your tank is local, pay concentration to the power configuration and see if you can hardwire or if you need a battery. If the tank is on a remote location, you can you use a battery or you might need solar charging.

Communication frequency/Direction of signal: The optimal transportation frequency will be consequence of the nature of the data you want to analyze and store; and if you want the principles to perform actions or not. If you are using telemetry for transmitting data to a central hub for safety or analysis, then you will need one way communication. If you want the principles to be able to answer to distinct signal and create changes (open/close a valve for example), you need two way communication.

Once you pick one or two way communication, there is still the actual transmission frequency. Some of the options are: continuous, minutely, hourly, daily, monthly or alarm activated (usually high or low level).

The transportation frequency and direction of signal will sway the choice of the emitter and receiver hardware, and partly the supervision software used or institution advanced for you.

Storage and supervision of information: If you have a Lanor Wam, you can store and run the prognosis of the data on your own network. In this case, at least one of the computers of the network will be dedicated to this endeavor, and the reception hardware will be attached to it. If, on the other hand, citizen from dissimilar geographical locations need entrance to the information, then you might opt for a hosted solution. Hosted solutions allow for 24-7 entrance via internet, so it becomes location independent.

Budget: There are hardware choices in dissimilar price ranges. As rule of the thumb, the smaller the up-front cost the bigger the long term cost. The total cost of the scheme will be given by the hardware itself, installation, life of the tool and maintenance costs.

These are the seven main elements to analyze when finding for a telemetry principles for your firm requirements. If you crusade for a service victualer with this data at hand, the crusade will be much more sufficient and you will be able to take informed decisions fast.

Telemetry - How To pick The Right Telemetry law For Your company Requirements

Screw Compressor Troubleshooting High Pressure Sensor High Voltage Power Supply

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The Elements Of An productive Hvac system

Today's systems are designed to meet stricter environmental, indoor air capability and user requirements. Many of the gains in Hvac system efficiency have come as the ensue of improvements in the operating efficiency of key system components. Other gains are the ensue of the use of technologies that are whether new, or new to the Hvac field. Even the use of computer-aided found tools have helped system engineers found Hvac systems that perform more efficiently.

Although there are many private advances that have helped to heighten Hvac system operating efficiency, much of the wide improvement can be attributed to five key factors:

Differential Pressure Sensor

- The amelioration of low kW/ton chillers;
- The use of high-efficiency boiler operate systems;
- The application of direct digital operate (Ddc) systems;
- The use of energy-efficient motors; and,
- The matching of changeable frequency drives to pump, fan and chiller motors.

For years, construction owners were satisfied with the carrying out and efficiencies of chillers that operated in the range of 0.8 to 0.9 kW/ton when new. As they age, actual operating efficiencies fall to more than 1.0 kW/ton at full load.

Today, new chillers are being installed with full load-rated efficiencies of 0.50 kW/ton, a near 50 percent increase. Equally impressive are the part-load efficiencies of the new generation of chillers. Although the operating efficiency of nearly all older chillers rapidly falls off with decreased load, the operating efficiency of new chillers does not drop off nearly as quickly.

Chiller found changes

Several found and carrying out changes have helped heighten chiller performance. To heighten the heat change characteristics of the chillers, manufacturers have increased the size of the units' heat exchangers. Electromechanical operate systems have been replaced by microprocessor-based electronic controls that provide greater precision, reliability and flexibility. changeable frequency drives operate the speed of the compressor, resulting in an growth in part-load performance.

Increased power efficiency is not the only advantage of the new generation of construction chillers; these chillers offer great refrigerant containment. Although older chillers routinely may have lost 10 percent to 15 percent of the refrigerant payment per year, new chillers can limit losses to less than 0.5 percent. Lower leak rates and great purge systems sell out the quantity of non-condensable gasses found in the refrigerant system -- a key factor in maintaining chiller carrying out over time.

Another requisite amelioration is in boiler operation: the change of pneumatic and by hand controls with microprocessor-based systems. As a rule of thumb, the systems can be staggering to perform power savings of 5 percent to 7 percent over conventional pneumatic-based systems.

Microprocessor-based operate systems perform their savings primarily as the ensue of their capability to modulate the boiler's carrying out more accurately than pneumatic-based systems. By modulating the boiler's carrying out accurately, the systems help to contend the permissible fuel-to-air ratio and track the load located on the boiler by the Hvac system.

Microprocessor-based systems offer any additional advantages, together with remote monitoring and operating capabilities, automatic operate sequences, monitoring of steam flow, and reduced maintenance costs. One way the systems can help sell out maintenance costs is through their capability to contend permissible fuel-to-air ratio. By maintaining the permissible ratio, the systems sell out the rate at which soot collects on boiler tubes, thus decreasing the frequency of required tear down and cleaning. Retention the boiler tubes clean of soot also helps to heighten the thermal efficiency of the boiler.

Direct digital controls

A major change in the Hvac field is the wide implementation of direct digital controls (Ddc). Introduced more than 15 years ago, Ddc systems have come to be the business thorough for operate systems found today. With the capability to provide literal, and literal, operate of climatic characteristic and air and water flows, the systems have widely replaced pneumatic and galvanic operate systems.

Ddc systems help construction owners save power in any ways. Their accuracy and precision nearly eliminate the operate problems of offset, overshoot, and hunting ordinarily found in pneumatic systems, resulting in great regulation of the system. Their capability to retort to a nearly unlimited range of sensors results in great coordinated operate activities. This also allows the systems to perform more involved operate strategies than could be performed with pneumatic controls. Finally, their simple or automatic calibration ensures that the operate systems will perform as designed over time, with minuscule or no loss of accuracy.

Ddc systems also offer any other advantages. Because the operate strategies are software-based, the systems can be of course modified to match changes in occupant requirements without costly hardware changes. Ddc systems also are ideal for applications that advantage from remote monitoring and operation.

Energy-efficient motors

Today's Hvac systems are making use of energy-efficient motors. Energy-efficient motors offer a moderate but requisite growth in full-load operating efficiency over thorough motor designs. For example, an energy-efficient 10 hp motor operates at about 93 percent efficiency; a thorough motor of the same size is typically rated at 88 percent. Similarly, a 50 hp energy-efficient motor is rated at approximately 94 percent efficiency in dissimilarity to the 90 percent efficiency rating of a 50 hp thorough motor.

This growth in operating efficiency accompanies a first-cost growth for the motors. How rapidly this additional first cost is recovered depends on two factors: the loading of the motor, and the amount of hours the motor is operated per year.

The closer the motor is operated to its full-load rating and the greater the amount of hours per year the motor is operated, the quicker the first-cost differential is recovered. For most applications where the motor is run continuously at or near full load, the payback period for the additional first cost is typically between three and six months.

The aggregate of constant loading and long hours of carrying out have made Hvac applications well-suited for the use of energy-efficient motors. Energy-efficient motors ordinarily are found driving centrifugal circulation pumps and system fans. With these loads, the 4 percent or 5 percent growth in the electrical efficiency of the drive motor translates to a requisite power savings, particularly when the systems operate 24 hours per day, year round.

A side advantage of energy-efficient motor found is its higher power factor. Expanding the power factor of a drive motor reduces the current draw on the electrical system, frees additional distribution capacity and reduces distribution losses in the system. Although Expanding the power factor isn't adequate of a advantage to explicate the cost differential of the higher efficiency motor, it's an leading consideration, particularly for large users of electricity where system capacity is limited.

Although the motors have demonstrated themselves to be very cost-effective in new applications, their use in existing applications is a minuscule more difficult to justify. In most instances, the cost to replace an existing, operating motor with one of higher efficiency will not be recovered for five to 10 years or longer.

Of the improvements in Hvac systems that have helped to growth operating efficiency, changeable frequency drives have had the most dramatic results. Applied to system components ranging from fans to chillers, the drives have demonstrated themselves to be very flourishing in reducing system power requirements during part-load operation. And with most systems operating at part-load capacities 90 percent or more of the time, the power savings produced by changeable frequency drives rapidly recover their investment, typically within one to two years.

In general, the larger the motor, the greater the savings. As a rule of thumb, nearly any Hvac system motor 20 hp and larger can advantage from the factory of a changeable frequency drive.

Variable frequency drive applications

Variable frequency drives produce their savings by varying the frequency and voltage of the motor's electrical supply. This dissimilarity is used to sell out the operating speed of the tool it controls to match the load requirements. At reduced operating speed, the power draw of the drive motor drops off rapidly.
For example, a centrifugal fan, when operated at 75 percent flow, draws only about 40 percent of full-load power. At 50 percent flow, the power requirement for the fan decreases to less than 15 percent of full-load power. While conventional operate systems, such as damper or vane control, also sell out the power requirements at partial flow, the savings are significantly less.

Another area where changeable frequency drives have improved the operating efficiency of an Hvac system is with centrifugal pumps found in hot and chilled water circulation systems. Typically, these pumps provide a constant flow of water to terminal units. As the request for heating or cooling water decreases, the operate valves at the terminal units throttle back. To keep the pressure in the system constant, a bypass valve between the provide and return systems opens. With the flow rate remaining nearly constant, the load on the pump's galvanic drive also remains nearly constant.

Variable frequency drives regulate the pressure in the system in response to varying demands by slowing the pump. As with centrifugal fans, the power required by the pumps falls off as the load and speed are decreased. Again, because most systems operate well below found capacity 90 percent of the time, the savings produced by reduced speed carrying out are significant, typically recovering the cost of the unit in one to two years.

Chiller loads

A third application for changeable frequency drives is centrifugal chillers. Chillers are sized for peak cooling loads, although these loads occur only a few hours per year.

With conventional operate systems that close vanes on the chiller inlet, chiller efficiency falls off significantly during part-load operation. When changeable frequency drives are applied to these chillers, they regulate the carrying out of the chiller by reducing the speed of the compressor. The ensue is near full-load operating efficiency over a very wide range of cooling loads. This growth in part-load efficiency translates into a 15 percent to 20 percent growth in the chiller's seasonal efficiency.

Energy conservation isn't the only advantage of changeable frequency drives. A strain is located on an galvanic motor and the mechanical system it drives every time a pump, fan or chiller is started at full-line voltage: Motor winding becomes heated, belts slip, drive chains stretch and high-pressure is advanced in circulation systems. changeable frequency drives sell out these stresses by beginning systems at reduced voltages and frequencies in a soft start, resulting in increased motor and tool life.

Finally, the most leading element in an energy-efficient Hvac system is how the system is operated. No matter how sophisticated the system, or how wide its energy-conserving features, the system's carrying out depends upon the way in which it's operated and maintained. Operating personnel must be properly trained in how best to use the system and its features. Maintenance personnel must be trained and qualified with the permissible tools to keep the system operating in the way it was designed. Maintenance cannot be deferred.

Energy-efficient Hvac systems offer the factory boss the capability to heighten system carrying out while reducing power requirements. But they advantage construction owners only as long as they are taken care of. If factory managers select to ignore maintenance requirements, they may soon find systems malfunctioning to the point where they have of course increased the requirement for energy.

The Elements Of An productive Hvac system

differential pressure sensor

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inhibitive Maintenance in Hydro Power Plants

Hydro power - environmental friendly. The hydropower business is an environmentally kindly vigor source. With a gift of 19% to global vigor production, hydropower is the largest source of renewable energy. It is ranked fourth in electricity generation and has come to be an increasingly foremost mainstay in power production. It protects our earth's fossil fuel reserves, it is always available, it does not run out, it does not produce waste and it does not add to global warming.

From rivers and reservoir lakes, a total of 15 billion Mw could be generated annually. Currently only 20% are used. Therefore the ask for hydroelectric power is startling to grow of the next few years.

Differential Pressure Sensor Hvac

Areas for Application. Today the customers need that the plant is operating reliable and continuously with very few downtimes. In order to increase tool availability a vibration and health monitoring principles is a prerequisite.

Riveja has an sass to those demanding requirements and provides a broad and flexible principles which can be adapted to private applications.

The message device is acquiring vibration and process signals and Plc / Profibus communi-cation data synchronously. The integrated Amdt/V2 module enables vibration determination and monitoring in blend with other digital and anlog Io modules.

The devices are verily integrated into the existing enterprise network via an Ethernet connection. The determination data is than accessible to any agency depending on the way rights.

The huge benefit of the Message devices is that that one broad principles covers all measurement, monitoring and alarm management functions. The distinguished diagnostic determination functions give a clear indication of the current status of the hydro turbine and pin points to any area with a rising problem. The early detection of technical problems prevents the principles for major damages and gives an indication where to focus on while the next maintenance stop.

The modular notion of the Message devices enables the customers to organize tailor made solutions. The devices can be adapted individually to any estimate of inputs. The tool is commonly Din rail mounted and fitted to operate cabinets.

Software for Monitoring & Diagnostics. Riveja offers the ProfiSignal software which provides a full development environment to configure verily private Hmi screens to give the operator in the operate room a maximum overview of the tool status.

The distinguished software channels inside the device can be used to configure many alarm functions with the capability to switch outputs or to regulate the tool or to begin urgency shut downs. The integrated event channels can description any limit violations e.g. Straight through Sms or e-mail messages. For larger applications it is recommended to configure an Alarm table for a consolidated overview of the plant status.

The device provides an internal data storehouse capacity of 1 Gb with 128 Mio records. The software holder provides a convenient determination Straight through a seamless transition between online and historical offline data. However, for permanent monitoring the online trend plotting and estimation is most appropriate.

Options - conveyable Systems. Riveja offers also many dissimilar products to cover the requirements of the maintenance and commissioning engineers in the hydropower sector. Very popular are the custom-made movable determination cases for vibration and process analysis.

The principles records vibration, process and doing data for the duration of the commissioning and final approval phases.

Sensor connectors are available as required with 4mm plugs, screw terminals and thermo or Bnc connectors in tasteless usage. Message devices are protected against earth loops and are therefore secure against errors occurring while data recording. Sensor inputs are true differential and consequently ensure a high level of accuracy.

inhibitive Maintenance in Hydro Power Plants

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Orifice Flow Meter

In this post, I am interested in covering the details about how to part flow using Orifice meter. And I am beginning it from the scratch.

Basic Principle

Differential Pressure Sensor Principle

When an orifice plate is settled in a pipe carrying the fluid whose rate of flow is to be measured, the orifice plate causes a pressure drop which varies with the flow rate. This pressure drop is measured using a differential pressure sensor and when calibrated this pressure drop becomes a part flow rate.

Description

The main parts of an orifice flow meter are as follows:

* A stainless steel plate which is held in the middle of flanges of a pipe carrying the fluid whose flow rate is being measured.

* It should be noted that for a positive distance before and after the plate fitted in the middle of the flanges, the pipe carrying the fluid should be level in order to maintain laminar flow conditions.

* Openings are provided at two places 1 and 2 for attaching a differential pressure sensor (U-tube manometer, differential pressure gauge etc).

Operation

* The detail of the fluid movement inside the pipe and orifice plate has to be understood.

* The fluid having uniform cross section of flow converges into the orifice plate's opportunity in its upstream. When the fluid comes out of the orifice plate's opening, its cross section is minimum and uniform for a singular distance and then the cross section of the fluid starts diverging in the down stream.

* At the upstream of the orifice, before the converging of the fluid takes place, the pressure of he fluid (P1) is maximum. As the fluid starts converging, to enter the orifice opportunity its pressure drops. When the fluid comes out of the orifice opening, its pressure is minimum (P2) and this minimum pressure remains constant in the minimum cross section area of fluid flow at the downstream.

* This minimum cross sectional area of the fluid obtained at downstream from the orifice edge is called Vena-Contracta.

* The differential pressure sensor attached in the middle of points 1 and 2 records the pressure dissimilarity (P1 - P2) in the middle of these two points which becomes an indication of the flow rate of the fluid straight through the pipe when calibrated.

Applications

1. The concentric orifice plate is used to part flow rates of pure fluids and has a wide applicability as it has been standardized.

2. The eccentric and segmental orifice plates are used to part flow rates of fluids containing suspended materials such as solids, oil mixed with water and wet steam.

Advantages

1. It is very cheap and easy method to part flow rate.

2. It has predictable characteristics and occupies less space.

3. Can be use to part flow rates in large pipes.

Limitations

1. The vena-contracta distance depends on the roughness of the inner wall of the pipe and sharpness of the orifice plate. In positive cases it becomes difficult to tap the minimum pressure (P2) due to the above factor.

2. Pressure saving at downstream is poor, that is, unabridged loss varies from 40% to 90% of the differential pressure.

3. In the upstream straightening vanes are a must to gather laminar flow conditions.

4. Gets clogged when the suspended fluids flow.

5. The orifice plate gets corroded and due to this after sometime, inaccuracy occurs. Moreover the orifice plate has low bodily strength.

6. The coefficient of extraction is low.

Orifice Flow Meter

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Wind Anemometers - How to part Wind Speed Accurately

For a science that is constantly in the lives of daily folk, wind speed determination absolutely manages to keep out of the social eye. The measuring of wind speed happens to be an leading part of a number of daily technologies. Of course there is meteorology, the measuring of weather phenomena, that fully depends on the gauging of wind speed; but a surprising number of other daily specialties depend on wind speed measurements too, chief among them being aviation and marine and navigation, stability supervision in skyscrapers, environmental sciences and disaster management. Wind determination is done with a device known as a wind anemometer; though it might be argued that that is a redundancy since anemometer comes from the Greek Anemos = wind.

Any device that measures wind speed is bound to sense the pressure of it too. For this reason, many anemometer designs are prosperous when used as pressure meters too in addition. A version of anemometer is known to have existed since around 1450. The modern wind anemometer though, has been around for more than a century and a half now; the first prosperous develop was one that used a structure with four arms fanned out, each one with a cup attached that caught the wind and spun the structure. The inventor, Dr. John Robinson, held the impression when he made his invention that any cup anemometer would share the characteristic that it would spin at a third of the speed of the wind blowing past it, no matter what size it was built to be. Researchers took his word at its face for quite a while before it was discovered that the size of develop used all the time affected the results. Researchers who had used the inventor's figures for their calculations for years had to start over from scratch.

Differential Pressure Sensor Principle

Cup anemometers, these straightforward devices, are remarkably strict machines today nevertheless; the best examples can approach a 99% accuracy level, and still be no more high-priced than about 00. But the cup anemometer is still a mechanical technology that is prone to maintenance lubrication issues, friction, mechanical damage and ice formation. There are contentious technologies that exertion to eliminate the problems seen in the mechanical design. One of the most favorite wind anemometer technologies in use today is the ultrasonic kind. The principle of the ultrasonic develop is this: the speed of sound depends on the speed and the direction of the air that it passes through. A headwind slows sound down, and a tail wind speeds it up. An ultrasonic wind anemometer fires high-frequency sound pulses back and forth between two receivers. If the pulse takes more time travelling in one direction than the other, that is a sign that the slower trip had a headwind working against it. The time differential helps guess the wind speed. You'll find these in use on tall buildings, on weather buoys and at weather stations.

Another wind anemometer develop that is particularly ingenious is the constant-temperature anemometer. A thin wire held between two electrodes is heated up electrically to hold a constant temperature. A sensor measures the number of current needed to hold the climatic characteristic at ambient climatic characteristic levels. Any loss of climatic characteristic that is faster than would be explained by the ambient climatic characteristic levels would have to come from wind speed. This is a particularly strict method of determination of wind turbulence. However, like the laser determination method below, this can be a quite reasonable device to buy and maintain.

Ultrasonic and constant climatic characteristic anemometers may be strict enough for most purposes; but laser Doppler anemometers offer extremely tight accuracy. A laser anemometer uses two laser beams; one that travels through a sealed and clean pathway, and one that travels through exposed air. The beam that travels through the exposed air encounters dust particles that are borne along at the speed of the wind at the point. The laser bounces off those dust particles, and measures by Doppler shift the speed at which the particle has been traveling. The Doppler shift is compared to what is measured for the beam traveling through the sealed tube and a relative determination is made.

It would appear from these descriptions that anemometers all the time need to be large and permanent installations; as it happens though, small and reasonable handheld versions with digital displays exist for use by field researchers and teacher pilots. The most stunning highlight of these is the way they recognizably use nothing other than the same mechanics and structures of the expert devices, only miniaturized for handheld use.

Wind Anemometers - How to part Wind Speed Accurately

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